ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to determine and compare the Most Probable Number (MPN) of Total Coliforms (TC), Escherichia coli and Enterococcus spp. and to characterize the antimicrobial resistance profiles of Enterococcus spp. isolated from oysters collected in the Barra de Guaratiba Mangrove, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The enumeration of E. coli has been used to indicate fecal contamination and hygienic-sanitary conditions of bivalve molluscs. Enterococci are capable to transfer several antimicrobial resistance genes to pathogenic bacteria, including those from Gram-negative group. The oysters were bought from local fishermen and a total of 123 individuals were analyzed. The TC, E. coli and Enterococcus spp. MPN mean were 26,300/100 g, 3,260/100 g and 2,820/100 g, respectively. The only correlation found was between TC and E. coli. Two strains of Enterococcus spp. were resistant to three different antimicrobial categories, including a high level resistance to streptomycin. One strain presented intermediate resistance to vancomycin. The E. coli levels exceeded the limits established by international legislation. This microbiological contamination in oysters reflects the water pollution and indicates a probable contamination of other seafood species from this mangrove, which can represent a risk for consumers and a threat to the environment and public health.

Kefir is a fermented milk beverage produced by the action of bacteria and yeasts that exist in symbiotic association in kefir grains. The artisanal production of the kefir is based on the tradition of the peoples of Caucasus, which has spread to other parts of the world, from the late 19th century, and nowadays integrates its nutritional and therapeutic indications to the everyday food choices of several populations. The large number of microorganisms present in kefir and their microbial interactions, the possible bioactive compounds resulting of microbial metabolism, and the benefits associated with the use this beverage confers kefir the status of a natural probiotic, designated as the 21th century yoghurt. Several studies have shown that kefir and its constituents have antimicrobial, antitumor, anticarcinogenic and immunomodulatory activity and also improve lactose digestion, among others. This review includes data on the technological aspects, the main beneficial effects on human health of kefir and its microbiological composition. Generally, kefir grains contain a relatively stable and specific microbiota enclosed in a matrix of polysaccharides and proteins. Microbial interactions in kefir are complex due to the composition of kefir grains, which seems to differ among different studies, although some predominant Lactobacillus species are always present. Besides, the specific populations of individual grains seem to contribute to the particular sensory characteristics present in fermented beverages. This review also includes new electron microscopy data on the distribution of microorganisms within different Brazilian kefir grains, which showed a relative change in its distribution according to grain origin.

O caju, rico em nutrientes, apresenta alta perecibilidade. Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a estabilidade química, físico-química e microbiológica do suco de caju in natura mantido em temperatura ambiente por 24 h, estocado sob refrigeração por sete dias e sob congelamento por 120 dias. O teor de ácido ascórbico no suco recém-extraído foi de 147,29 ± 0,41 mg/100 mL e reduziu em 6,57% em temperatura ambiente. Durante a estocagem sob refrigeração e congelamento, as taxas de redução dessa vitamina foram 1,16% ao dia e 0,05% ao dia, respectivamente. Foi observado aumento na contagem de bactérias mesófilas totais e fungos filamentosos e leveduras no suco mantido em temperatura ambiente. Nos sucos estocados sob refrigeração durante sete dias houve redução da contagem de bactérias mesófilas totais e aumento na contagem de fungos filamentosos e leveduras. Nos sucos congelados, a contagem de fungos filamentosos e leveduras permaneceu inferior à inicial, enquanto a de bactérias mesófilas totais apresentou variação até o trigésimo dia. A partir deste período, esta permaneceu estável em menos de um ciclo logarítmico acima da contagem inicial. Nos períodos estudados, refrigeração e congelamento mostraram-se eficazes na preservação do ácido ascórbico e da qualidade microbiológica do suco de caju in natura.

Cashew apple, which is rich in nutrients, is highly perishable. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the chemical, physicochemical and microbiological stability of cashew apple juice kept at room temperature for 24 h, refrigerated for seven days or frozen for 120 days. The ascorbic acid content in fresh cashew apple juice was 147.29 ± 0.41 mg/ 100 mL and decreased 6.57% when kept under room temperature. In the juices stored when refrigerated and when frozen, a reduction rate of ascorbic acid was 1.16%/day and 0.05%/day, respectively. The chemical and physicochemical parameters remained stable. In the juice kept at room temperature, an increase in the count of mesophile bacteria and yeasts and moulds was observed. In the juices stored when refrigerated for seven days, mesophile bacteria counts decreased and yeast and mould counts increased. In the frozen juices, the yeast and mould counts remained lower than the initial counts, while mesophile bacteria showed variation until the thirtieth day and remained stable in less than one logarithmic cycle above the initial count. Throughout the study period, refrigeration and freezing were efficient for ascorbic acid and microbiological quality preservation of the cashew apple juice.